Between Terrorism and Amok: Hybrid Extremism, Digital Radicalization and Stochastic Violence

The EICTP Expert Paper “Between Terror and Amok” explores the growing overlap between terrorism and rampage violence, drawing on the 2024 Magdeburg Christmas market attack and the 2025 Graz school shooting as case studies. It highlights how hybrid extremism, digital radicalization, and stochastic violence increasingly blur the lines between ideologically motivated terrorism and impulsive acts of mass violence. By examining these phenomena through the lens of “salad bar extremism” and unpredictable lone-actor dynamics, the paper underscores the urgent need for multidimensional prevention strategies and nuanced security policies to address the evolving threat landscape.

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